College of Engineering and Technology

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Wind Energy Conversion System- Wind Turbine Modeling
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2008) Ofualagba, G; Ubeku, E.U
In this paper, a functional structure of a wind energy conversion system is introduced, before making a comparison between the two typical wind turbine operating schemes in operation, namely constant-speed wind turbine and variable speed wind turbine. In addition, the modeling and dynamic behavior of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control capability is explained in detail and the turbine performance curves are simulated in the MATLAB/simulink.
Development of an Aerial Robotic Oil Spill Surveillance (AROSS) System for Constant Surveillance and Detection of Spills from Crude Oil Pipelines
(2016) Ofualagba, Godswill; O’tega A. Ejofodomi
Development of an aerial robotic oil spill surveillance (AROSS) system for constant surveillance and detection of spills from crude oil pipelines. International Journal of Unmanned Systems Engineering. 4(2): 19-33. Current crude oil spill detection methods can only be employed intermittently and do not detect spills at their onset. The Aerial Robotic Oil Spill Surveillance (AROSS) System is a novel system that addresses this limitation. A single AROSS system is a 550 mm x 550 mm quadcopter weighing 1.5 kg. Autonomous navigation of the system is achieved using a GY521 gyrometer, BM085 Altimeter, HC-SRO4 ultrasound sensor, and Global Positioning System (GPS) module. Spills emanating from crude oil pipelines are detected using MQ gas sensors. An LS-Y201-Infrared camera is used to capture images of the spill site. Xbee Pro 900HP modules establish wireless connection between the system and the base station up to 45 km away for transmitting spill data to surveillance teams. The AROSS system was tested on a 100 m section of an underground crude oil pipeline in Effurun, Nigeria. The threshold voltage for spill detection by the gas sensor was determined experimentally to be 2.93 V. The system successfully detected 1 liter crude, which corresponded to an output voltage of 2.95 V. Spill GPS location and images were remotely transmitted to a manned base station 100 m away from the pipeline. The AROSS system has the ability to provide autonomous and constant surveillance for crude oil pipelines, detect spills as soon as they occur, and inform the appropriate authorities.
Process Intensification of Colemanite Leaching Using Sulfuric Acid in a Batch Reactor
(International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 2016) OLAYEBI, Oluwafemi O.; OLUFEMI, Ademola S.; AZEEZ, Mayowa A.
This contribution investigated methods of intensifying the leaching of colemanite using sulphuric acid for the improvement of boric acid recovery. Boric acid is one of the most commonly used boron compounds produced by dissolving colemanite (2CaO⋅3B2O3⋅5H2O) in aqueous sulfuric acid which results in the formation of gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O) as a by-product and must be separated from the main product. The dissolution of colemanite gives the amount of boric acid formed; the purity and crystallization of boric acid are affected by filtration of gypsum. In this study, and the factors that were examined in this study were stirrer agitation speed, particle size, reaction temperature on the dissolution of colemanite in the reaction of boric acid production. Colemanite having the same elemental chemical composition and particle size, sulfuric acid and distilled water were used as reactants for the boric acid production reaction in this study. The crushing of the colemanites were one in a jaw crusher, ground in a hammer mill and then sieved. The biggest diameter of the colemanite minerals was 150 μm and the experiments were performed at different particle sizes of colemanite (0-150, 0-250 and 250-1000 μm), temperatures (70- 90 °C) and stirring speed (350-500 rpm). The results obtained, showed that increasing the acid concentration results in a significant increase boric acid recovery. The highest recovery was obtained at 85 °C temperature. Increasing the mixing speed form 350 rpm to 500 rpm increased the recovery by 5.5%. Thus, the increase in agitating speed from 350 to 500 rpm resulted in a significant increase in boric acid recovery. Thus, it was concluded that agitation have a significant effect on boric acid recovery above 500 rpm. The batch process proved to be better than the semi-batch process in terms of the amount of boric acid recovered.
Mini-Hydro Turbine: Solution to Power Challenges in an Emerging Society with Abundance of Water
(Science Publishing Group, 2017) Ofualagba, Godswill; Okhueleigbe, Emmanuel Ighodalo
The mini hydro turbine research is aimed at designing and constructing a hydro-electric power plant model that can generate electric power, which can be used at the domestic level to power electrical appliances. There are three main sections for the hydro turbine, such as the pelton wheel which rotate due to falling water from the water storage tank through the penstock, the alternator, been made of a permanent magnet rotor and conducting coil windings on the stator connected to the turbine through a runner, and the feedback system for the continuous flow of water. The result shows that the construction of mini hydro turbine plant is feasible and there were no major problems apparent at the design and implementation stages of the mini hydro turbine power plant.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Petroleum Refinery Effluent Using Coconut Shell- Effluent Using Coconut Shell-Based Activated Based Activated Carbon
(CARD International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Scientific Discovery, 2017) Olayebi, O.O.; Adebayo, A. T.
The performance evaluation of locally prepared activated carbon from coconut shell in removing Cr3+, Cu 2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ions from Petroleum refinery effluent water was studied. The activated carbon produced was chemically activated utilizing Zinc chloride as activating agent. Batch Adsorption studies were carried out to examine the effect of adsorption dosage, contact time, pH and stirring speed on the adsorption ofCr3+, Cu 2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+from Petroleum refinery effluent water. In studying the effect of one factor others were kept constant. The adsorbent was contacted with the adsorbate for time intervals between 30 to 60 mins. The kinetic studies showed that pseudo – second –order reaction model best described the adsorption process, also the Langmuir adsorption isotherm best fit the adsorption data at equilibrium. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that Coconut based activated Carbon is a viable alternative for treating industrial effluent water.
The Use of Rubber leaf Extract as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acidic Solution
(International Journal of Materials and Chemistry, 2017) Okewale A. O.; Olaitan A.
This work has explored the possibility of using plant extract as a corrosion inhibitor other than the use of conventional organic materials as corrosion inhibitor. Rubber leaf extract which contains the carbonyl groups, aromatic rings, and double bonds as indicated by the GCMS, phytochemical, and FTIR analysis is one of the good natural plant extract as corrosion inhibitor. Gravimetric method was used to determine the weight loss on surface of mild steel at various inhibitor concentrations in 0.1M HCl solution. The highest inhibition efficiency of 86% was achieved using the rubber leaf extract as inhibitor. Adsorption mechanism was investigated using Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich isotherms. Inhibitor adherence on the mild steel surface was spontaneous with the negative Gibb’s free energy value of -18.07kJ/mol obtained. The inhibitor was adsorbed on the mild steel surface through adsorption of the phytochemical components on the surface of mild steel which protects the metal surface from corroding. The corrosion rate decreases with increase in various inhibitor concentrations and exposure time studied.
Production of biodiesel from palm kernel oil (PKO) using sodium-ethoxide: The effect of time
(International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation (IJREI), 2017) Tarbuka, P.F.; Ovonomo Onocha; Ohimor, E.O.
In the production of biodiesel a wide variety of vegetable oils can be used as raw material. In this research palm kernel oil was used. The pure palm kernel oil could have been used as diesel but the viscosity would just be too high for application in engines and automobiles. In an attempt to modify (or improve on) the viscosity, transesterification was done with the aid of sodium-ethoxide; a blend of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethanol (C2H6O). The effect of time on the yield and how it affects the viscosity of the PKObiodiesel so produced was investigated. The biodiesel obtained had a viscosity that was less than that of the original PKO by almost 80%. And results obtained from the runs indicate that the yield is nearly independent on reaction time
Production of Biogas from Co-Digestion of Cow Dung, Saw Dust and Maize Husk
(Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 2018-08) Okewale, Akindele Oyetunde; Anih, Christiana Edward; Omoruwou, Felix
The co-digestion of cow dung, with maize husk for biogas production at laboratory scale was investigated. The study was carried out at a temperature range of 24˚C - 30˚C and pH range of 5.5 - 6.5 for a period of 60 days with a total solid concentration of 7.4% in the digester sample (fermentation slurry). Water displacement method was used to collect the biogas produced which was subsequently measured. 444.8 mL was the cumulative biogas yield at the end of 60 days retention time in the digester 1, which comprised of cow dung, maize husk, and water. Digester 2, which is made up of sawdust, cow dung, and water produced negligible biogas at the end of 60 days of the experiment. X-RF analysis revealed high presence of elements like silica, aluminium oxides, and aluminium oxides in cow dung, maize husk, and sawdust respectively. The preponderance of alkanes and methyl group inmaize husk makes it to produce biogas compared to saw dust as shown by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) that was carried out to identify the various functional groups. The potential of maize husk to produced biogas was also established. The kinetic modeling shows that there was an increase in biogas yield as the retention time increases as depicted by the linear model
Automated Student Attendance Management System Using Face Recognition
(Open Science Online, 2018-09-13) Ofualagba Godswill; Omijie Osas; Orobor Anderson; Ibhadode Oseikhuemen; Odiete Etse
Attendance management system is a necessary tool for taking attendance in any environment where attendance is critical. However, most of the existing approach are time consuming, intrusive and it require manual work from the users. This research is aimed at developing a less intrusive, cost effective and more efficient automated student attendance management system using face recognition that leverages on cloud computing (CC) infrastructure called FACECUBE. FACECUBE takes attendance by using IP camera mounted in front of a classroom, to acquire images of the entire class. It detect the faces in the image and compares it with the enrolled faces in the database. On identification of a registered face on the acquired image collections, the attendance register is marked as present otherwise absent. The system is developed on Open Source image processing library hence, it is not vendor hardware nor software dependent.
Electricity Generation from Cow Dung Biogas
(Bionline, 2019) Ofualagba, Godswill; Akpojaro, J; Akpojaro, M.A
Energy is one of the most important factors for accelerating economic development. Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in Nigeria over the few decades, there is a huge pressure and ever increasing demand of Electrical energy, which has resulted in a concentrated need for finding some alternative sources of energy. Biomass power which is electricity produced from biomass fuel is a renewable energy source steadily gaining importance and leading the way for economic development. Biogas is obtained from biomass waste fermentation process. The paper reviews the potentials of biogas for power generation. A small-scale biogas generation system was designed and implemented. We successfully modified the internal combustion engine, which works smoothly without any sign of audible knocking during the entire experimentation. Comparatively, results show that 1.8kg of biogas runs for 127 minutes with a load capacity of 1400 watts while 1 liter of fuel runs on the power generating system with a load input of 1400 watt. 1 liter of fuel operated on the power generating system for a period of 42 minutes after which the system shutdown due to complete consumption of the available fuel. It was observed that as the load input increased, voltage dropped and current increased. Financially 1.8kg of biogas costs far less than 1 liter of fuel. Thus, the application of this technology on a large scale in the power sector has significant potentials of increasing the installed electricity capacity being generated in Nigeria. Synergistically, it can help in waste management as well as providing a long-term sustainable approach to energy self-sufficiency and economic development in Nigeria.
Autonomous monitoring, analysis, and countering of air pollution using environmental drones
(Cell Press, 2020) Godall Rohi; O'tega Ejofodomi; Godswill Ofualagba
The effect of air pollution on the environment, economic and health of the people in the affected countries cannot be overemphasized. This paper investigates large scale air pollution elimination to remove pollutants that are already in existence in the environment. This method involves the use of Environmental Drones (E-drones) to autonomously monitor the air quality at a specific location. The E-drone flies up to a predetermined height (Ealtitude) every hour, measures the air pollutants at that location, implements on-board pollution abatement solutions for pollutants above the recommended threshold, and then flies back down to its location on the ground. The advantages of this system is its ability to measure air pollution concentration of CO2, CO, NH3, SO2, PM, O3 and NO2, detect when they are too high, and implement on-board pollution abatement solutions as needed. This system's novelty lies in the fact that it not only detects when there is excessive pollution, but it also automatically deals with and abates the detected air pollution above earth. When multiple E-drones are used in different locations, a custom software generates an Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) map of the region that can be used for present and long-term environmental analysis.
Automated Volume Measurement, Adulteration Detection, and Tracking of Petroleum Products
(Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020) Ofualagba, Godswill; O'tega, Ejofodomi
The quantity of crude oil, petrol, diesel, or kerosene stored in storage tanks by the refineries, bulk oil terminals/depots, bulk consumers and petrol pumps is measured by taking the "dip" or height of the product in the tank. The process is manual, and open to theft, manipulation, and inaccurate reporting. Furthermore, petroleum products adulteration is another major challenge as there are no devices capable of detecting adulteration at point of sale (POS) terminals. A significant volume of petroleum products in Nigeria are being diverted and adulterated by corrupt officials to create artificial scarcity or smuggle to neighbouring countries to earn higher profits. The Petroleum Product Volume Estimator and Tracker (PPVET) is a portable electronic device that automatically measures the volume of a petroleum product contained with a receptacle, be it calibrated or uncalibrated. PPVET is also capable of detecting and identifying pure petroleum products, and tracking petroleum products during transportation. The Petroleum Product Volume Estimator and Tracker has been designed, built, and tested in Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. The unit accurately measured 9 L of kerosene in a vertical cylinder with a measurement error of 2.2%. The system also demonstrated the ability to distinguish between pure crude oil, diesel, kerosene and petrol, based on their chemical signature data from gas vapor emissions. PPVET demonstrated the ability to track the transportation of a petroleum product along an authorized route, to detect when the product was being diverted outside the authorized route, and to alert the appropriate authorities on the diversion occurence and the GPS location of the diversion. Future work includes testing the system for automated volume measurement of underground storage tanks and petroleum product tankers, testing the PPVET's ability to detect adulterated petroleum products and to quantity the level of adulteration present in a given petroleum product, and testing the PPVET product tracking capability on a petroleum tanker transporting petroleum products across the country.
Synthesis of improved dye-sensitized solar cell for renewable energy power generation
(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Okewale, A. Oyetunde; Jasper Ejovwokoghene Ikpesu; Iyuke, Sunny E.; Daramola, Michael
The demand for cheap and affordable cost of fabrication and increased power conversion energy of DSSC has made most researchers sought for better ways to optimize individual parts of the cell to improve its efficiency. Thus, this paper reviews different ways to synthesize and fabricate an improved DSSC for renewable energy power generation. This article reviews the various fabrication techniques of FTO in DSSCs as well as incorporation of graphene for optimization of the DSSCs. Optimization of DSSC using FTO was reviewed with the various method of fabrication (Hydrothermal methods, CVD, Sputtering and Spray pyrolysis) for an effective light harvesting. Then, we discussed the application of graphene-based material into the various parts of the photoanode (transparent conducting electrode, semiconductor layer and dye molecules) as well as the counter electrode. Incorporating graphene into the photoanode as discussed can improve the efficiency of the cell due to its unique properties leading to a better dye absorption, improved charged separation, and excellent electrical conductivity thereby resulting in improved performance of the cell. Finally, an outlook for other trends in optimizing DSSCs was provided
Analysis of the Electricity Distribution Supply in Eastern Nigeria: Current Challenges and Possible Solutions
(Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science, 2021) Ofualagba, Godswill; Onyishi, Donatus Uchechukwu
Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) is the Distribution Company responsible for electricity disbursement for the South-East geopolitical zone in Nigeria, comprising of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo states. EEDC is allocated 9% of the total electricity generated by the 28 generating stations in the Nigeria's National Electricity Grid. This paper assesses the operational efficiency of EEDC in electricity distribution to its constituent states. Electricity Distribution Analysis on EEDC was conducted for the month of July 2020, using a Power Optimization Software. The results obtained showed that EEDC could only distribute 41.7% of the electricity required by its constituent states, resulting in only 10 hours of electricity in the region on any given day. EEDC's technical distribution losses decreased the number of hours of electricity available in the region from 23.4 ± 1.3 hours to 10.1 ± 0.5 hours. No algorithm is currently employed by EEDC in distributing available power, resulting in unpredictable and erratic power supply across the region. The recommended solutions for EEDC are investments in EEDC-owned Embedded Generation (EG) units to boost regional power generation, reduction and elimination of EEDC technical distribution losses, and implementation of an automated power disbursement algorithm using regional classification. Automated rationing and distribution of available grid electricity using region classification ensured commercial regions received the available electricity from EEDC during the day (7 a.m. - 5 p.m.) to promote industrial economic activities, while residential regions received the available electricity from EEDC at night (12 a.m. - 4 a.m. and 6 p.m. - 12 a.m.). It also made Grid Electricity from EEDC predictable and available when needed the most by consumers. These solutions would ensure, predictable and constant electricity supply in South-East Nigeria.
Analysis of the Electricity Distribution Supply in Eastern Nigeria: Current Challenges and Possible Solutions
(Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science – JEEECCS, 7(25), 1-8., 2021) Onyishi ,D,C and Ofualagba ,G ( 2021).
Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) is the Distribution Company responsible for electricity disbursement for the South-East geopolitical zone in Nigeria, comprising of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo states. EEDC is allocated 9% of the total electricity generated by the 28 generating stations in the Nigeria's National Electricity Grid. This paper assesses the operational efficiency of EEDC in electricity distribution to its constituent states. Electricity Distribution Analysis on EEDC was conducted for the month of July 2020, using Power Optimization Software. The results obtained showed that EEDC could only distribute 41.7% of the electricity required by its constituent states, resulting in only 10 hours of electricity in the region on any given day. EEDC's technical distribution losses decreased the number of hours of electricity available in the region from 23.4 ± 1.3 hours to 10.1 ± 0.5 hours. No algorithm is currently employed by EEDC to distribute available power, resulting in an unpredictable and erratic power supply across the region. The recommended solutions for EEDC are investments in EEDC-owned Embedded Generation (EG) units to boost regional power generation, reduce and eliminate EEDC technical distribution losses, and implement an automated power disbursement algorithm using regional classification. Automated rationing and distribution of available grid electricity using region classification ensured commercial regions received the available electricity from EEDC during the day (7 a.m. - 5 p.m.) to promote industrial economic activities, while residential regions received the available electricity from EEDC at night (12 a.m. - 4 a.m. and 6 p.m. - 12 a.m.). It also made Grid Electricity from EEDC predictable and available when consumers needed it the most. These solutions would ensure, a predictable and constant electricity supply in South-East Nigeria.
Methylene Blue and Iron (Ii) Adsorption onto Raphia Hookeri Seed: A Comparative Equilibrium Isotherm Study
(International Journal of Chemical and Process Engineering Research, 2021) Tarbuka, P. F.; Gumus, R. H.
In this study, activated carbon prepared from Raphia hookeri seed was employed as an adsorbent to take up methylene blue (an organic ion-in-solution) and iron (II), a metal ion-in-solution. The biosorbent was prepared using chemical activation using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as an impregnating agent. Calibration was performed with a focus on the change in the adsorbate concentration. The equilibrium isotherms study was conducted by considering a range of sorbate concentrations, to determine the optimal conditions for the adsorption systems. The same sorbate volume (10 ml), and the same dosage (0.3g) of biosorbent were used for both adsorption processes. Linear analysis was used to compare the best-fitting isotherms. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models were tested. The highest coefficient of determination values (R2 ) for both iron (II) and Methylene blue was obtained from the Langmuir isotherm as 0.9266 and 0.9572, respectively, compared to values from the other isotherms tested – indicative of Langmuir isotherm’s superior fit. Estimated values of ‘separation factor’, KR, for Methylene blue (0.29457), however, was lower than that of iron (II) (0.42141) - an indication that the sorbent treats methylene blue better than iron (II), though both processes are feasible.
Fire and Explosion Consequence Analysis of Occupied Buildings in an Lpg Storage Facility in Southern Nigeria
(Advanced Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering, 2022) Olayebi, Oluwafemi; Ayanleke, Patrick
The purpose of this work was to carry out an evaluation of occupied buildings from the devastating impact of an explosion in a Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) bulk storage facility with the intention to provide information on blast requirements of the buildings and make layout modification as needed using the consequence-based approach. The simulation was done using DNV’s Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST) and the process data were obtained from a process plant located in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. Three major scenarios; catastrophic rupture, full bore rupture was considered for a 6-inch pipe and fixed duration release of the stored LPG and propane gas using the TNO multi-energy method to determine the Maximum Credible Event on the occupied buildings within the facility From the study, the catastrophic rupture of LPG vessel #18 at 2/F weather category gave the worst impact with an overpressure effect of 0.7barg at a hazard distance of 166.959m. The thermal radiation intensity of 37.5KW/m2 due to Jet fire from the fixed duration release of Propane vessel #22 at 2/F weather category was found to produce the greatest consequence/impact at a hazard distance of 180.72m. The results from this work show that most of the occupied buildings within the location are in the vicinity of the effect zone of both explosion overpressure and Jet fire thermal radiation.
Simulation of Hydrate Formation and Prevention in Subsea Wells Using Unisim
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED & ADVANCED ENGINEERING RES., 2022) OLAYEBI, Oluwafemi; AKPERE, Handel
he oil and gas industry has been taking stringent measures to prevent the formation of hydrates which cause severe flow assurance issues due to pipe blockage, production loss and pose safety and environmental hazards due to pipe rupture and leakages. In this work the Process Simulation and Modeling software Unit Simulation (UNISIM) was used for the simulation of hydrate formation and prevention in subsea wells. To prevent the deposition of natural gas hydrate in subsea oil and gas wells, the hydrate formation area in wellbore must be predicted. The simulation results established methanol as a thermodynamic inhibitor and agree with literature as the 0%, 30% and 70% methanol injection composition respectively causes shifting to the left of the hydrate equilibrium curve reducing the hydrate formation area
Strategic Feature Selection for Enhanced Scorch Prediction in Flexible Polyurethane Form Manufacturing
(Journal of Computing Theories and Application, 2024) Omoruwou, Felix; Ojug, Arnold Adimabua; Ilodigwe, Solomon Ebuka
The occurrence of scorch during the production of flexible polyurethane is a significant issue that negatively impacts foam products' resilience and generally jeopardizes their integrity. The likelihood of foam product failure can be decreased by optimizing production variables based on machine learning algorithms used to predict the occurrence of scorch. Investigating technology is required because prevention is the best approach to dealing with this problem. Hence, machine learning algorithms were trained to predict the occurrence of scorch using the thermodynamic profile of polyurethane foam, which is made up of recorded production variables. A variety of heuristics algorithms were trained and assessed for how well they performed, namely XGBoost, Decision trees, Random Forest, K-nearest neighbors, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines, and Logistic Regression. The XGboost ensemble was found to perform best. It outperformed others with an accuracy of 98.3% (i.e., 0.983), followed by logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, K-nearest neighbors, and naïve Bayes, yielding a training accuracy of 88.1%, 66.7%, 84.2%, 87.5%, and 67.5% respectively. The XGBoost was finally used, yielding 2-distinct cases of non(occurrence) of scorch. Ensemble demonstrates that it is quite capable and is an effective way to predict the occurrence of scorch.
Unmasking effects of feature selection and SMOTE-Tomek in tree-based random forest for scorch occurrence detection
(Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2025) Omoruwou, Felix; Okpor, Margaret Dumebi; et. al
Scorch occurrence during the production of flexible polyurethane foam has been a menace that consistently, jeopardize a foam’s integrity and resilience. It leads to foam suppression and compactness integrity failure due to scorch. There is always the increased likelihood of scorching, and makes crucial the utilization of methods that seek to avert it. Studies predict that the formation of foam constituent processes via optimization using machine learning have adequately trained models to effectively identify scorch occurrence during the profiling in the polyurethane foam production. Our study utilizes the random forest (RF) ensemble with feature selection (FS) and data balancing technique to identify production predictors. Study yields accuracy of 0.9998 with F1-score of 0.9819. Model yields 2-distinct cases for (non)-occurrence of scorch respectively, and the ensemble demonstrates that it can effectively and efficiently predict the occurrence of scorch in the production of flexible polyurethane foam manufacturing process.

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