Scholarly works in the Department of Geophysics
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Browsing Scholarly works in the Department of Geophysics by Author "Akakuru, O.C."
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Item Assessment of heavy metal pollution on groundwater quality in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria(Springer Nature, 2023-11-21) Eyankware, M.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Osisanya, W.O.; Umayah, S.O.; Ukor, K.P.Heavy metal (HM) pollution in groundwater poses a significant environmental threat to the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, principally because of the activities of oil companies within the locality. The current study considered it necessary to measure the HM level in the groundwater of this location. 18 groundwater samples were collected and tested for physical parameters (pH, EC, TDS), as well as heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Fe, Mn, B, Ni, and Cd). Results from the principal component analysis (PCA) analysis reveal the influence of heavy metals on groundwater chemistry. The correlation matrix results showed that there exists a weak and positive correlation among elements, revealing that heavy metals in water with a low pH tend to be more toxic, as they become more soluble and bioavailable. HM pollution assessment results revealed that the values were considered low, with values ranging from 0 to 0.33 with an average value of 0.07. Metal pollution index (MPI) results showed that the groundwater sample was very pure. Nemerow Pollution Index (PNI) results revealed that the groundwater samples were heavily polluted. Results from the modified degree of contamination (MCd), showed that the majority of the samples had a very low degree of contamination. The pollution load index (PLI) results indicated that the entire samples were polluted. Quantification of contamination (QoC) results showed a geogenic impact on the samples. Based on the findings, monitoring groundwater quality and using appropriate treatment technologies to purify the water before consumption are recommendedItem Depiction of Aquifer Potential and Vulnerability Mapping: A Case Study of Delta North, Southern Part of Nigeria, Using Geophysical Approach(Discovery Scientific Society, 2025) Eyankware, M.O.; Osisanya, W.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Odesa, G.E.; Okanigbuan, P.N.; Ukor, K.P.; Oghenevovwero, E.E.; Chukwusa, F.O.In order to identify the aquifers, characterize their geometric properties, and determine their susceptibility to contamination by surface contaminants, a detailed hydrogeophysical investigation of the aquifers of the study area was conducted. The study area was subjected to fifteen (15) vertical electrical soundings (VES) with a Schlumberger array configuration with a maximum electrode separation of 200 m. Curve matching methods and iterative computer modeling were combined to process the VES data. Parameters estimated are aquifer thickness, longitudinal conductance (S), transverse unit resistance (Tr), average longitudinal resistance (ρL), aquifer conductivity (ῼ−1), hydraulic conductivity (K), and transmissivity (T), and their corresponding estimated values, which vary across the study area, range from 1.63 to 103.83 m, 0.02 to 0.05, 0 to 122169.9 ohms, 0 to 3406.4, 0.000037 to 0.001126, 0.0538 to1.13x1023m2/day, 0 to 1.85x1023m2/day, respectively. Deductions from S. revealed that the study area is prone to contamination from the study. Further findings from groundwater modeling, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity suggested that the southwestern part of the study area showed more groundwater prospects when compared to other parts of the study area. Within the study, it was observed that curve Q is the most dominant curve within the study area.Item Depiction of Aquifer Potential and Vulnerability Mapping: A Case Study of Delta North, Southern Part of Nigeria, Using Geophysical Approach.(Discovery Nature, 2025) Eyankware, M.O.; Osisanya, O.W.; Akakuru, O.C.; Odesa, G.E.; Okanigbuan, P.N.; Ukor, K.P.; Oghenevovwero, E.E.; Chukwusa, F.O.In order to identify the aquifers, characterize their geometric properties, and determine their susceptibility to contamination by surface contaminants, a detailed hydrogeophysical investigation of the aquifers of the study area was conducted. The study area was subjected to fifteen (15) vertical electrical soundings (VES) with a Schlumberger array configuration with a maximum electrode separation of 200 m. Curve matching methods and iterative computer modeling were combined to process the VES data. Parameters estimated are aquifer thickness, longitudinal conductance (S), transverse unit resistance (Tr), average longitudinal resistance (ρL), aquifer conductivity (ῼ−1), hydraulic conductivity (K), and transmissivity (T), and their corresponding estimated values, which vary across the study area, range from 1.63 to 103.83 m, 0.02 to 0.05, 0 to 122169.9 ohms, 0 to 3406.4, 0.000037 to 0.001126, 0.0538 to1.13x1023m2/day, 0 to 1.85x1023m2/day, respectively. Deductions from S. revealed that the study area is prone to contamination from the study. Further findings from groundwater modeling, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity suggested that the southwestern part of the study area showed more groundwater prospects when compared to other parts of the study area. Within the study, it was observed that curve Q is the most dominant curve within the study area.Item Integrating Multivariate Modelling and Health Risk Assessment to Decipher Groundwater Quality Dynamics in A Rapidly Urbanizing Basement Terrain of Akure, Southwestern Nigeria.(University of Technology Sarawak (UTS) Publisher / UTS Press, 2026) Osisanya, W.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Eyankware, M.O.; Aigbadon, G.O.; Ukor, K.P.Groundwater constitutes a critical source of domestic water in Akure, southwestern Nigeria, yet rapid urbanization and anthropogenic activities increasingly hreaten its quality. This study evaluated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and health risks associated with groundwater in the crystalline Basement Complex terrain of Akure. Twentyone groundwater samples from motorized boreholes and hand-dug wells were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, major ions, and heavy metals to assess water quality and potential health implications. Hydrogeochemical facies classification shows that 77.3% of the samples fall within Geochemical Zone IV (strong acids exceeding weak acids), while 22.7% belong to Zone III (weak acids exceeding strong acids). The dominant ionic order (Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ + K⁺ > HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > Ca²⁺) suggests that groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution processes. Water Quality Index (WQI) results indicate that several groundwater sources require treatment prior to consumption. Contamination Factor (CF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) reveal generally low contamination levels, although the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) highlights localized heavy-metal enrichment. Multivariate statistical analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) extracted three principal components (PC1–PC3) that explain the dominant hydrogeochemical processes and differentiate between geogenic contributions and minor anthropogenic inputs. Health risk assessment indicates that exposure to Pb, Cd, and Ni through groundwater ingestion may pose potential non-carcinogenic risks, particularly for children, as reflected by elevated Hazard Index (HI) values. Overall, the findings highlight emerging groundwater quality concerns in the rapidly urbanizing Akure region and underscore the need for regular monitoring, improved groundwater management, and sustainable watersafety strategies in crystalline basement aquifers. The study contributes to improved understanding of groundwater quality dynamics in rapidly urbanizing crystalline basement aquifers.Item Interpretation of hydrochemical data in selected parts of Warri, Southern Nigeria using health risk assessment and heavy metal index(Discovery Publication, 2025-05-21) Eyankware, M.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Inoni, O. E.; Osisanya, W.O.; Ukor, K. P.; Umuokoro, G.Groundwater quality assessment is crucial for ensuring public health and sustainable water resource management. Health risk assessment evaluates health hazards from contaminated groundwater, guiding protective measures; also, heavy metal indices quantify contamination, aiding pollution assessment and regulatory compliance. These tools ensure comprehensive groundwater quality understanding, supporting sustainable resource management and health and environmental protection. Seventeen (17) groundwater samples were taken in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria, and analyzed using the American Public Health Association (APHA) technique to assess their hydrochemical properties and potential health concerns when utilized as drinking water. Sixteen (16) physicochemical parameters were analyzed. The analysis of heavy metals' statistical indices, such as the Contamination Index (CI), Contamination Factor (Cf), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Metal Pollution Index (MPI), Quantification of Contamination (QoC), Potential Ecological Risk Index (ERI), and Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG), was successfully used to assess the effects of heavy metal contamination on the area's groundwater resources. Deductions from the suggested that there is interaction between geochemical ions found in groundwater within the study area and there are weak to moderate connections between parameters, according to additional findings using Pearson correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Additionally, PCA reveals that loadings within the groundwater system could be the result of nearby anthropogenic activities that are changing the water's chemistry. Results from hydrogeochemical facies showed that in the cation area, Na+K> Mg>Ca>Cl>SO4>HCO3, with a tendency of 35.3 percent SO4> 5.9 percent HCO3> 41.2 percent Cl> 17.6 percent, there is no dominant ionic species. According to results from heavy metal indices such as Cf and PLI, there is no relationship between them and readily accessible groundwater. Additional MPI data indicate that the groundwater in the research area is deemed to be clean, but QoC and ERI results showed that geological processes promote the transfer of heavy metals, which is a possible ecological danger associated with groundwater. The analysis revealed elevated concentrations of heavy metals in certain areas, which may be associated with local human activities. Both correlation and Principal component Analysis (PCA) highlighted the significant roles that natural processes and anthropogenic influences play in determining groundwater quality. Health risk evaluations indicated heightened risks for children, suggesting that human activities contribute to these health threats. This research underscores the necessity of regular groundwater monitoring to identify any decline in water quality. The results illustrate the intricate relationship between geological conditions and human activities affecting groundwater quality, highlighting the need for thorough management strategies to ensure sustainable use of water resources and safeguard public health in the region studied.Item Pollution Indices, Potential Ecological Risks and Spatial distribution of Heavy Metals in soils around Delta State, Nigeria(Springer Nature, 2024-06) Eyankware, M.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Osisanya, W.O.; Igwe, E.O.; Ukor, K. P.The study investigated the pollution indices and potential ecological risks of heavy metals (HM) occurrence in the soil affected by municipal waste from selected parts of Delta state southern, Nigeria. The heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Heavy metals analyzed for this study are Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, and As. Findings obtained from a heavy metal risk assessment indices such as potential ecological risk assessment (ERI), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), degree of contamination (Cdeg), and Nemerow Pollution (PNI) showed that human activities such as automobile mechanics, dumping of solid waste, and agricultural activities are the major source of heavy metals pollutionin soil within the study area. Findings obtained from Igeo are contrary to findings obtained from ERI which revealed soil samples were unpolluted, implying that the anthropogenic activities within the area had little influence on the ERI. Observation from Cdeg indicated a low contamination degree in the soil. Results from PNI showed that 36.4 %, 27.3 %, and 13.6% of analyzed soil sam ples were classified to be clean, slightly clean, and moderately polluted respectively. Deduction from Principal Component Analysis PCA analysis and Pearson correlation matrix suggested that anthropo genic activities within the study area have led to the occurrence of heavy metals in soil.