Browsing by Author "Eyankware, M.O."
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Item AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS AROUND SELECTED WASTE DUMPSITES IN PARTS OF SOUTHERN NIGERIA USING HEAVY METAL INDICES AND MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS(African Journals OnLine, 2025) Osisanya, W.O.; Agbalagba, O.E.; Agho, I.O.; Eyankware, M.O.; Iduseri, O.MA detailed study was conducted around waste dumpsite in the study area, to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in the soil. Soil samples were collected at twenty (20) different locations within waste dumpsites for the study. The heavy metals (zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and iron (Fe)) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The resulting data was analysed using principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson correlation, and the heavy metal indices: Potential Ecological Risk (ERI), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), and Nemerow Pollution Index (PNI). Thesoil contain the heavy metals: zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), copper Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, As, and Fe. Their concentrations, inorder 9.28 to 60.1 mg/kg for Zn, 4.4 to 14.39 mg/kg for Cr, 5.4 to 21.39 mg/kg for Cu, 6.07 to 17.5 mg/kg for Pb, 0.04 to 1.5 mg/kg for Cd, 0.0001 to 0.003 mg/kg for Hg, 7.28 to 20.38 mg/kg for Ni, 0.0001 to 0.003 mg/kg for As, and 1020 to 16540 mg/kg for Fe,The Igeo data indicated that all samples fell within the range of 0 to 2, implying that the sediment quality was largely unpolluted. The PNI yielded a diverse array of results within the study area, PC1 has a loading percentage of 77.8%, PC2 has a loading percentage of 44.4%, PC3 has a loading percentage of 33.3%, and PC4 has a loading percentage of 11.1%. This loading signifies the element's importance in the contribution of pollution within elements and to the soil. Further deductions from soil samples results that was compared to World Health Organization (WHO), and Department of Petroleum Resource (DPR), permissible limit suggested that all samples were below the permissible limit except for Cd, that its concentration was above WHO limit at some locations namely; DO/ 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 08, 09, 10, 12, 13,and 18, this could be attributed to anthropogenic activities within the study area. These findings can serve as a valuable resource for those responsible for managing dumpsites, aiding in the prevention of heavy metal soil contamination.Item Application of Aeromagnetic and Remotely Sensed Data in Mineral Exploration in Parts of Ife-North, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria(Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, 2022-12) Osisanya, O.W.; Shaibu, O.B.; Abolarin, O.M.; Eyankware, M.O.; Okpala, E.C.This paper analysed aeromagnetic data over parts of the Ilesa schist belt of Nigeria with a view to assessing the sub surface structural settings that might favour mineralisation in the study area using aeromagnetic data and satellite remote sensing imageries. The subsurface lineaments were detected and traced out from the maxima of horizontal gradient magnitude, peaks of analytical signal magnitude. The structural trends of the composite lineament map show predominant lineament directions; NE-SW, NNE-SSW, E-W, and NW-SE. These trends were in agreement with the major regional tectonic trends of Southwestern Nigeria. The interpretation of the aeromagnetic dataset gave an insight into the regional geology and structural trends of the area. The derived lineaments may serve as a reference for future geological and structural mapping. Based on the information gathered so far, the study area shows potential for presence of both primary and alluvial/eluvial gold deposits.Item Application of Aeromagnetic and Remotely Sensed Data in Mineral Exploration in Parts of Ife-North, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria(Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, 2022-12) Osisanya, O.W.; Shaibu, O.B.; Abolarin, O.M.; Eyankware, M.O.; Okpala, E.C.This paper analysed aeromagnetic data over parts of the Ilesa schist belt of Nigeria with a view to assessing the sub surface structural settings that might favour mineralisation in the study area using aeromagnetic data and satellite remote sensing imageries. The subsurface lineaments were detected and traced out from the maxima of horizontal gradient magnitude, peaks of analytical signal magnitude. The structural trends of the composite lineament map show predominant lineament directions; NE-SW, NNE-SSW, E-W, and NW-SE. These trends were in agreement with the major regional tectonic trends of Southwestern Nigeria. The interpretation of the aeromagnetic dataset gave an insight into the regional geology and structural trends of the area. The derived lineaments may serve as a reference for future geological and structural mapping. Based on the information gathered so far, the study area shows potential for presence of both primary and alluvial/eluvial gold deposits.Item Application of high resolution aeromagnetic data for determination of depth to magnetic sources using source parameter imaging in Niger State, Nigeria(Scientific Publishing House, 2025) Sunday, I. O.; Osisanya, W.O.; Saleh, A.S.; Eyankware, M.O.; Chukwusa, F.O.Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) is a pivotal geophysical technique, particularly in aeromagnetism, for delineating subsurface geological structures through the analysis of magnetic anomalies. This study applies SPI to high-resolution aeromagnetic data over Baro and its surrounding areas in Niger State, Nigeria, to estimate the depth to magnetic sources. The research emphasizes the characterization of magnetic sources in terms of depth, geometry, dip, and susceptibility contrast. Data processing techniques, including regional field removal, residual anomaly mapping, and reduction to the magnetic equator, were employed to enhance data accuracy and interpretability. The findings reveal significant variations in sedimentary thickness, suggesting potential hydrocarbon reservoirs, particularly in the northern region, characterized by deeper basins. This study underscores the necessity of further exploration, integrating advanced seismic studies and drilling, to assess the hydrocarbon potential accurately. The SPI-derived insights provide a valuable framework for strategic hydrocarbon exploration in Nigeria's interior basins, contributing to the nation's energy security and economic growth.Item Assessment of heavy metal pollution on groundwater quality in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria(Springer Nature, 2023-11-21) Eyankware, M.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Osisanya, W.O.; Umayah, S.O.; Ukor, K.P.Heavy metal (HM) pollution in groundwater poses a significant environmental threat to the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, principally because of the activities of oil companies within the locality. The current study considered it necessary to measure the HM level in the groundwater of this location. 18 groundwater samples were collected and tested for physical parameters (pH, EC, TDS), as well as heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Fe, Mn, B, Ni, and Cd). Results from the principal component analysis (PCA) analysis reveal the influence of heavy metals on groundwater chemistry. The correlation matrix results showed that there exists a weak and positive correlation among elements, revealing that heavy metals in water with a low pH tend to be more toxic, as they become more soluble and bioavailable. HM pollution assessment results revealed that the values were considered low, with values ranging from 0 to 0.33 with an average value of 0.07. Metal pollution index (MPI) results showed that the groundwater sample was very pure. Nemerow Pollution Index (PNI) results revealed that the groundwater samples were heavily polluted. Results from the modified degree of contamination (MCd), showed that the majority of the samples had a very low degree of contamination. The pollution load index (PLI) results indicated that the entire samples were polluted. Quantification of contamination (QoC) results showed a geogenic impact on the samples. Based on the findings, monitoring groundwater quality and using appropriate treatment technologies to purify the water before consumption are recommendedItem DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING TECHNIQUES AT IBULE AKURE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA(Zibeline International Publishing, 2024) Adeniyi, A.E.; Osisanya, W.O.; Eyankware, M.O.Population growth and heightened water demand in the study area, exacerbated by insufficient surface and groundwater resources, lead to severe water shortages, particularly during the dry season. In response, our study in Atibioke Street, Aule Road, Ibulesoro, Akure, Ondo State, employed Horizontal Profiling (HP) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) with electrical resistivity methods. Conducted across three traverses at 5m intervals, with probing levels from 1 to 5, the Combined HP and VES generated 2-D pseudosections, highlighting features and conducive layers for groundwater accumulation. Using Schlumberger configuration with electrode spacings from 1 to 100 m, three Vertical Electrical Soundings classified subsurface layers into Topsoil, Weathered Layer, and Fresh Bedrock within the basement complex terrain. The study emphasized the significance of electrical resistivity in assessing groundwater potential, with recommendations highlighting the unsuitability of VES 1 and VES 2 for exploitation, while VES 3 exhibited favorable conditions. Overall groundwater potential was rated as medium, emphasizing the need for alternative water supply solutions. VES 3 was recommended for well drilling based on promising characteristics, concluding with a suggestion to use these findings as a reference for future geophysical investigations.Item Depiction of Aquifer Potential and Vulnerability Mapping: A Case Study of Delta North, Southern Part of Nigeria, Using Geophysical Approach(Discovery Scientific Society, 2025) Eyankware, M.O.; Osisanya, W.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Odesa, G.E.; Okanigbuan, P.N.; Ukor, K.P.; Oghenevovwero, E.E.; Chukwusa, F.O.In order to identify the aquifers, characterize their geometric properties, and determine their susceptibility to contamination by surface contaminants, a detailed hydrogeophysical investigation of the aquifers of the study area was conducted. The study area was subjected to fifteen (15) vertical electrical soundings (VES) with a Schlumberger array configuration with a maximum electrode separation of 200 m. Curve matching methods and iterative computer modeling were combined to process the VES data. Parameters estimated are aquifer thickness, longitudinal conductance (S), transverse unit resistance (Tr), average longitudinal resistance (ρL), aquifer conductivity (ῼ−1), hydraulic conductivity (K), and transmissivity (T), and their corresponding estimated values, which vary across the study area, range from 1.63 to 103.83 m, 0.02 to 0.05, 0 to 122169.9 ohms, 0 to 3406.4, 0.000037 to 0.001126, 0.0538 to1.13x1023m2/day, 0 to 1.85x1023m2/day, respectively. Deductions from S. revealed that the study area is prone to contamination from the study. Further findings from groundwater modeling, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity suggested that the southwestern part of the study area showed more groundwater prospects when compared to other parts of the study area. Within the study, it was observed that curve Q is the most dominant curve within the study area.Item Depiction of Aquifer Potential and Vulnerability Mapping: A Case Study of Delta North, Southern Part of Nigeria, Using Geophysical Approach.(Discovery Nature, 2025) Eyankware, M.O.; Osisanya, O.W.; Akakuru, O.C.; Odesa, G.E.; Okanigbuan, P.N.; Ukor, K.P.; Oghenevovwero, E.E.; Chukwusa, F.O.In order to identify the aquifers, characterize their geometric properties, and determine their susceptibility to contamination by surface contaminants, a detailed hydrogeophysical investigation of the aquifers of the study area was conducted. The study area was subjected to fifteen (15) vertical electrical soundings (VES) with a Schlumberger array configuration with a maximum electrode separation of 200 m. Curve matching methods and iterative computer modeling were combined to process the VES data. Parameters estimated are aquifer thickness, longitudinal conductance (S), transverse unit resistance (Tr), average longitudinal resistance (ρL), aquifer conductivity (ῼ−1), hydraulic conductivity (K), and transmissivity (T), and their corresponding estimated values, which vary across the study area, range from 1.63 to 103.83 m, 0.02 to 0.05, 0 to 122169.9 ohms, 0 to 3406.4, 0.000037 to 0.001126, 0.0538 to1.13x1023m2/day, 0 to 1.85x1023m2/day, respectively. Deductions from S. revealed that the study area is prone to contamination from the study. Further findings from groundwater modeling, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity suggested that the southwestern part of the study area showed more groundwater prospects when compared to other parts of the study area. Within the study, it was observed that curve Q is the most dominant curve within the study area.Item IDENTIFYING PROSPECTS IN THE "HONYX" FIELD IN NIGER DELTA REGION USING SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES(Zibeline International Publishing, 2024) Adegoke, H.B.; Osisanya, W.O.; Saleh, A.S.; Eyankware, M.O.; Ojo, G.F.In the "HONYX" Field, Niger Delta, Gulf of Guinea, seismic attributes were employed to analyze the structural trend and identify regions that are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Nestled in the Niger Delta basin, the 'HONYX' field spans approximately 75,000 km² and is situated between latitudes 4°N and 6°N and longitudes 3ºE and 9°E. One of the petroleum companies in Nigeria provided the data set, which included the Base map of the study region, well logs (LAS format), 3-D seismic data (SEG-Y), and Check shot survey used for this work. Faults picking, horizon mapping, and structural map production were the techniques employed to accomplish this goal. The DHIs (Sweetness and Instantaneous frequency), RMS Amplitude, and Variance were the seismic properties that were employed. In the research area, the Sweetness exhibits a strong amplitude in regions where there are isolated sand bodies surrounded by shale. On the Sweetness time slices, they appeared as brownish patches. From the seismic data, the instantaneous frequency parameter was also produced. On the sweetness time slice, however, the zone or zones with strong amplitude match the instantaneous frequency, which displays low frequency anomalies suggestive of cracked and hydrocarbon zones. The Variance Trends Analysis showed the two main faults in an east-west orientation. Following that, structural maps of depth and time were created for three defined horizons. Finally, this study demonstrated that the application of seismic attribute analysis has uncovered several hydrocarbon prospective zones that could be further revalidated and evaluated to a hydrocarbon prospect, away from the producing zone (which is common to all three reservoir tops). These prospect areas were identified on the three depth maps. The "HONYX" Field is effective for accumulating hydrocarbons, according to the observed data.Item Integrating Multivariate Modelling and Health Risk Assessment to Decipher Groundwater Quality Dynamics in A Rapidly Urbanizing Basement Terrain of Akure, Southwestern Nigeria.(University of Technology Sarawak (UTS) Publisher / UTS Press, 2026) Osisanya, W.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Eyankware, M.O.; Aigbadon, G.O.; Ukor, K.P.Groundwater constitutes a critical source of domestic water in Akure, southwestern Nigeria, yet rapid urbanization and anthropogenic activities increasingly hreaten its quality. This study evaluated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and health risks associated with groundwater in the crystalline Basement Complex terrain of Akure. Twentyone groundwater samples from motorized boreholes and hand-dug wells were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, major ions, and heavy metals to assess water quality and potential health implications. Hydrogeochemical facies classification shows that 77.3% of the samples fall within Geochemical Zone IV (strong acids exceeding weak acids), while 22.7% belong to Zone III (weak acids exceeding strong acids). The dominant ionic order (Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ + K⁺ > HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > Ca²⁺) suggests that groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution processes. Water Quality Index (WQI) results indicate that several groundwater sources require treatment prior to consumption. Contamination Factor (CF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) reveal generally low contamination levels, although the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) highlights localized heavy-metal enrichment. Multivariate statistical analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) extracted three principal components (PC1–PC3) that explain the dominant hydrogeochemical processes and differentiate between geogenic contributions and minor anthropogenic inputs. Health risk assessment indicates that exposure to Pb, Cd, and Ni through groundwater ingestion may pose potential non-carcinogenic risks, particularly for children, as reflected by elevated Hazard Index (HI) values. Overall, the findings highlight emerging groundwater quality concerns in the rapidly urbanizing Akure region and underscore the need for regular monitoring, improved groundwater management, and sustainable watersafety strategies in crystalline basement aquifers. The study contributes to improved understanding of groundwater quality dynamics in rapidly urbanizing crystalline basement aquifers.Item Interpretation of hydrochemical data in selected parts of Warri, Southern Nigeria using health risk assessment and heavy metal index(Discovery Publication, 2025-05-21) Eyankware, M.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Inoni, O. E.; Osisanya, W.O.; Ukor, K. P.; Umuokoro, G.Groundwater quality assessment is crucial for ensuring public health and sustainable water resource management. Health risk assessment evaluates health hazards from contaminated groundwater, guiding protective measures; also, heavy metal indices quantify contamination, aiding pollution assessment and regulatory compliance. These tools ensure comprehensive groundwater quality understanding, supporting sustainable resource management and health and environmental protection. Seventeen (17) groundwater samples were taken in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria, and analyzed using the American Public Health Association (APHA) technique to assess their hydrochemical properties and potential health concerns when utilized as drinking water. Sixteen (16) physicochemical parameters were analyzed. The analysis of heavy metals' statistical indices, such as the Contamination Index (CI), Contamination Factor (Cf), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Metal Pollution Index (MPI), Quantification of Contamination (QoC), Potential Ecological Risk Index (ERI), and Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG), was successfully used to assess the effects of heavy metal contamination on the area's groundwater resources. Deductions from the suggested that there is interaction between geochemical ions found in groundwater within the study area and there are weak to moderate connections between parameters, according to additional findings using Pearson correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Additionally, PCA reveals that loadings within the groundwater system could be the result of nearby anthropogenic activities that are changing the water's chemistry. Results from hydrogeochemical facies showed that in the cation area, Na+K> Mg>Ca>Cl>SO4>HCO3, with a tendency of 35.3 percent SO4> 5.9 percent HCO3> 41.2 percent Cl> 17.6 percent, there is no dominant ionic species. According to results from heavy metal indices such as Cf and PLI, there is no relationship between them and readily accessible groundwater. Additional MPI data indicate that the groundwater in the research area is deemed to be clean, but QoC and ERI results showed that geological processes promote the transfer of heavy metals, which is a possible ecological danger associated with groundwater. The analysis revealed elevated concentrations of heavy metals in certain areas, which may be associated with local human activities. Both correlation and Principal component Analysis (PCA) highlighted the significant roles that natural processes and anthropogenic influences play in determining groundwater quality. Health risk evaluations indicated heightened risks for children, suggesting that human activities contribute to these health threats. This research underscores the necessity of regular groundwater monitoring to identify any decline in water quality. The results illustrate the intricate relationship between geological conditions and human activities affecting groundwater quality, highlighting the need for thorough management strategies to ensure sustainable use of water resources and safeguard public health in the region studied.Item Pollution Indices, Potential Ecological Risks and Spatial distribution of Heavy Metals in soils around Delta State, Nigeria(Springer Nature, 2024-06) Eyankware, M.O.; Akakuru, O.C.; Osisanya, W.O.; Igwe, E.O.; Ukor, K. P.The study investigated the pollution indices and potential ecological risks of heavy metals (HM) occurrence in the soil affected by municipal waste from selected parts of Delta state southern, Nigeria. The heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Heavy metals analyzed for this study are Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, and As. Findings obtained from a heavy metal risk assessment indices such as potential ecological risk assessment (ERI), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), degree of contamination (Cdeg), and Nemerow Pollution (PNI) showed that human activities such as automobile mechanics, dumping of solid waste, and agricultural activities are the major source of heavy metals pollutionin soil within the study area. Findings obtained from Igeo are contrary to findings obtained from ERI which revealed soil samples were unpolluted, implying that the anthropogenic activities within the area had little influence on the ERI. Observation from Cdeg indicated a low contamination degree in the soil. Results from PNI showed that 36.4 %, 27.3 %, and 13.6% of analyzed soil sam ples were classified to be clean, slightly clean, and moderately polluted respectively. Deduction from Principal Component Analysis PCA analysis and Pearson correlation matrix suggested that anthropo genic activities within the study area have led to the occurrence of heavy metals in soil.Item Studies of heavy metal in soil at Omoku, River State, Nigeria, using Pollution Indices and Potential Ecological Risk(Anchor University, 2024) Osisanya, W.O.; Agho, I.O.; Ovri, A. A.; Eyankware, M.O.This study used Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) to measure the levels of heavy metals (HM) in soil affected by oil spills in a few locations in River State, Southern Nigeria, in order to investigate the ecological dangers and pollution status of HM. This study examined the heavy metals iron (Fe), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), barium (Ba), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and chromium (Cr). The study analyzed the outcomes of a heavy metal risk assessment index, which encompassed the level of contamination, the Geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and the prospective ecological risk assessment (ERI). Findings from the showed that Nemerow Pollution (PNI), Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), Degree of Contamination (Cdeg) ranges from 12.64 to 28.26, 2.40 to 518.48, and 17.63 to32.44 respectively. Results obtained from the study are considered to be fairly above the international standard at some locations. Deduction from the study suggested that human activities such farming, oil spillage, solid waste disposal, and automobile workshop were identified to be the primary contributors of heavy metal pollution in the soil (Cdeg) and PNI. As seen by the uncontaminated soil samples and the negligible effect of local human activity on the ERI, the Igeo results run counter to the ERI results. The Cdeg observation indicated that the soil was not very polluted.